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Frameworks and evidence that apply across all four countries.

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Black & Baldwin, LSE · 2010

Really responsive risk-based regulation

Two leading regulation scholars set out the built-in limits of risk-based regulation: it can miss cumulative, systemic and newly emerging risks, and depends on the regulator's ability to detect risk.

Why it matters: A theoretical lens. The paper is about regulating firms; applying it to hard-to-measure harms such as psychological harm is our interpretation, not evidence of harm.

ResearchExternalEvidence before scale-up
Professional Standards Authority · 7 Oct 2025

Right-touch regulation (third edition)

The current version of the framework. It keeps the six principles and eight elements, sets out a broad definition of harm (including psychological harm, financial loss and damage to trust), accepts that deregulation can be warranted where risk is well managed, and aligns with the UK's 'Smarter regulation' agenda.

Why it matters: The primary source. Worth quoting directly, including its own warnings about false assurance, and that regulation should only be called 'risk-based' where risks have actually been quantified and qualified.

Official reportExternalAccredited & voluntary registers

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